Learning from International Experiences: Differentiated Accounting Standards for Public Sector Entities

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51341/cgg.v25iesp.2902

Keywords:

IPSAS, Accounting Standards, Small Entities, Public Sector, Simplification

Abstract

Objective: Describe the main characteristics of countries' experiences that defined differentiated accounting standards for public sector entities.

Method: Documentary research of international experiences of differential reporting for public sector entities.

Originality/Relevance: Only a few studies address differential reporting in the public sector, and the full adoption of IPSAS is often pointed out as an expensive process for entities. Therefore, there is the possibility of reducing the costs of reform in the public sector by bringing this discussion to the academic and standard-setting scope, with the adoption of norms in a more uniform way, especially in small entities, contributing to the effective harmonization of international public accounting standards.

Results: The development of differentiated accounting standards in the public sector is a theme that needs further study, as the standards must ensure requirements that are proportionate to the administrative capacity and risk of the entities. This differentiation can be operationalized in different ways and carried out in measurement, recognition, and disclosure items.

Theoretical/Methodological contributions: Identify countries with differential reporting in the public sector, the differentiated treatments foreseen, the criteria used to determine which entities are eligible to apply these standards, and possible ways of operationalizing differential reporting.

Social/Management contributions: It is expected to contribute to the discussions related to the IPSAS adoption process, given that the differential reporting (IPSAS Lite) was included as one of the priority projects by the IPSASB in 2022.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdulkarim, M. E., Umlai, M. I., & Al-Saudi, L. F. (2022). Culture, language, and accounting reform: a new perspective on IPSAS implementation. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, (ahead-of-print).

Ada, S. S., & Christiaens, J. (2017). Why do some municipalities apply accrual-based rules more than others? Evidence from Turkey. Economics and Management, 20(3), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2017-3-013.

Amiri, A., & Hamza, S. E. (2020). The transition to IPSAS standards: the extent of adoption and the influence of institutional, contingency and economic network factors. Accounting and Management Information Systems, 19(2), 215-251.

Amor, D. B., & Ayadi, S. D. (2019). The profile of IPSAS-adopters. Accounting and Management Information Systems, 18(2), 262-282.

Aquino, A. C. B. D., Caperchione, E., Cardoso, R. L., & Steccolini, I. (2020). Overseas influences on the development and recent innovations on public sector accounting and finance in Latin America. Revista de Administração Pública, 54(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200057x

Aquino, A. C. B., & Neves, F. R. (2019). Efeitos de redes e atuação de fornecedores na adoção de novas práticas contábeis por municípios distantes. Advances in Scientific and Applied Accounting, 12(3), 120-143. https://doi.org/10.14392/ASAA.2019120307

Araújo, J. G. N., & Souza, F. G. (2020). Caminhando para a adoção da IPSAS: uma discussão sobre as mudanças do setor público brasileiro sob a perspectiva da teoria institucional. CAFI-Contabilidade, Atuária, Finanças & Informação, 3(1), 103-113.

Association of Chartered Certified Accountants. (2017). IPSAS implementation: Current status and challenges. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.

Australian Accounting Standards Board. (2020). Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards. Recuperado em 28 setembro, 2022, de https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB1053_06-10_COMPmay19_01-20.pdf

Baskerville, R., & Grossi, G. (2019). Glocalization of accounting standards: Observations on neo-institutionalism of IPSAS. Public Money e Management, 39(2), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1580894

Bekiaris, M., & Paraponti, T. (2022). Examining the status of IPSAS adoption at the country level: an analysis of the OECD member states. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JAOC-02-2021-0023

Benito, B., Brusca, I., & Montesinos, V. (2007). The harmonization of government financial information systems: the role of the IPSASs. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 73(2), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020852307078424

Bunget, O. C., Blidisel, R. G., Feleaga, L., & Popa, I. E. (2014). Empirical study of intangible assets in Romanian municipalities. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 17(3), 136–151.

Brito, J. D. R. R. (2018). A institucionalização de um novo sistema contabilístico: o caso da reforma da contabilidade pública no Governo Central de Cabo Verde. Tese de doutorado, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.

Brusca, I., & Condor, V. (2002). Towards the harmonisation of local accounting systems in the international context. Financial Accountability & Management, 18(2), 129-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0408.00148

Brusca, I., Dasí, R.M., Gimeno-Ruiz, A., Montesinos, V. (2021). The Application of the IPSAS in Spain. In: Brusca, I., Gomes, P., Fernandes, M.J., Montesinos, V. (Eds) Challenges in the Adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63125-3_4

Caperchioni, E. & Mori, E. (2013). L’harmonisation comptable des administrations publiques: une analyse comparée internationale. Politiques et Management Public, 30(3), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0408.00148

Caruana, J. (2021). The proposed IPSAS on measurement for public sector financial reporting—recycling or reiteration?. Public Money & Management, 41(3), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2021.1873594

Christiaens, J., & Neyt, S. (2014). International public sector accounting standards (IPSAS). In T. Budding, G. Grossi, & T. Tagesson (Eds.), Public Sector Accounting (pp. 23–62). London, UK: Routledge.

Comissão Europeia (2013). Relatório da Comissão ao Conselho e ao Parlamento europeu relativo à aplicação de normas de contabilidade harmonizadas do setor público nos Estados-Membros. A adequação das IPSAS para os Estados-Membros, 6, 2013.

Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., Bisogno, M., & Vaia, G. (2022). Public-Sector Accounting Reforms and Governmental Efficiency: A Two-Stage Approach. The International Journal of Accounting, 2250017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1094406022500172

Ernest Young (2016). EPSAS issue paper on relief for smaller and less risky entities. Paper by Ernst & Young on behalf of Eurostat - for discussion. Recuperado em 15 fevereiro, de https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/5591ecaf-c9cf-4603-9259-02b40225cb48/Issue%20Paper%20on%20SLREs.pdf

External Reporting Board (2022). Accounting Standards Framework. Recuperado em 28 setembro, de https://www.xrb.govt.nz/standards/accounting-standards/accounting-standards-framework/

Frintrup, M., Schmidthuber, L., & Hilgers, D. (2020). Towards accounting harmonization in Europe: a multinational survey among budget experts. International Review of Administrative Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020852320915640

Fuertes, I. (2008). Towards Harmonization or Standardization in Governmental Accounting? The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board Experience. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 10 (4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980802468766

Gomes, P., Brusca, I., Fernandes, M. J., & Vilhena, E. (2022). The IPSAS implementation and the use and usefulness of accounting information: a comparative analysis in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-12-2021-0169

Gómez-Villegas, M., Brusca, I., & Bergmann, A. (2020). IPSAS in Latin America: innovation, isomorphism or rhetoric?. Public Money e Management, 40(7), 489-498.

Grossi, G., & Steccolini, I. (2015). Pursuing private or public accountability in the public sector? Applying IPSASs to define the reporting entity in municipal consolidation. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(4), 325-334.

Guthrie, J. (1998). Application of accrual accounting in the Australian public sector– rhetoric or reality. Financial Accountability & Management, 14(1), 1-19.

Haija, A., AlQudah, A., Aryan, L., & Azzam, M. (2021). Key success factors in implementing international public sector accounting standards. Accounting, 7(1), 239-248.

International Federation of Accountants (2022). Differential Reporting - IPSASB Meeting. Recuperado em 28 setembro, de https://www.ifac.org/system/files/meetings/files/11-Differential-Reporting-Final.pdf

Jorge, S., Nogueira, S. P., & Ribeiro, N. (2020). The institutionalization of public sector accounting reforms: the role of pilot entities. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting e Financial Management.

Lima, R. L. (2017). A influência dos atores no processo de convergência da Contabilidade Pública Brasileira aos padrões internacionais. Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências Contábeis. Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Lima, R. L., & Lima, D. V. (2019). Experiência do Brasil na implementação das IPSAS. Revista Contemporânea de Contabilidade, 16(38), 166-184.

Lüder, K. (1994). The Contingency Model Reconsidered: Experiences from Italy, Japan and Spain. In: Buschor, E.Schedler, K. (eds) Perspectives on Performance Measurement and Public Sector Accounting.

Lüder, K. (2001). Research in comparative governmental accounting over the last decade: achievement and problems. In: Montesinos, V.; Vela, J. M. (Eds). Innovations in governmental accounting. Boston, MA.

Marques, M. D. C. D. C. (2003). Tendências recentes de abordagem à contabilidade pública em Portugal. Revista Contabilidade e Finanças, 14(31), 96-108.

Nangonzi, S. (2019). Factors impeding full implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Uganda. Dissertação de mestrado, Dublin Business School, Dublin, Irlanda.

Neves, F. R., & Gómez-Villegas, M. (2020). Reforma contábil do setor público na América Latina e comunidades epistêmicas: uma abordagem institucional. Revista de Administração Pública, 54(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220180157

Nobes, C. & Parker, R. (2012) Comparative international accounting. 12th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Ouda, H. (2004). Basic requirements model for successful implementation of accrual accounting in the public sector. Public Fund Digest, 4(1), 78-99.

Pacter, P., & Wells, M. (2013). The IFRS for SMES. The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation.

Pina, V., & Torres, L. (2005). Public sector financial management reform in Spain. In: J. Guthrie et al. (Eds.). International Public Financial Management Reform: Progress, Contradiction, and Challenges. Greenwich, Connecticut.

Polzer, T., Grossi, G., & Reichard, C. (2021). Implementation of the international public sector accounting standards in Europe. Variations on a global theme. Accounting Forum, 46(1), 57-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2021.1920277

Redmayne, N. B., Laswad, F., & Ehalaiye, D. (2021). Evidence on the costs of changes in financial reporting frameworks in the public sector. Public Money & Management, 41(5), 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1679482

Rocha, P. G. D. (2020). A adoção do SNC-AP numa instituição de ensino superior politécnico: o caso do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo. Dissertação de mestrado, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.

Schmidthuber, L., Hilgers, D., & Hofmann, S. (2022). International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs): A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Financial Accountability & Management, 38(1), 119-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12265

Soguel, N., & Luta, N. (2021). On the road towards IPSAS with a maturity model: a Swiss case study. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 34(4), 425-440. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09-2020-0235

Zitkoski, J. F. & Lima, D. V. (2020). Uma Discussão sobre a Adoção de IPSAS Diferenciadas para Municípios Brasileiros de Pequeno Porte. In: Anais do XIV Congresso Anpcont. Recuperado em 15 março, de http://anpcont.org.br/pdf/2020_CSP42.pdf

Published

2022-12-30

How to Cite

Luz de Lima, R., Vaz de Lima, D. ., Siqueira Varela, P., & Ferreira da Cruz, C. (2022). Learning from International Experiences: Differentiated Accounting Standards for Public Sector Entities. Journal of Accounting, Management and Governance, 25(esp), 352–369. https://doi.org/10.51341/cgg.v25iesp.2902

Issue

Section

Special Issue: Public Sector Reforms and Changes in Public Accounting